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WINTER CAMPING IN BAXTER
STATE PARK
How do I make winter reservations?
1. Read: a) All information on this webpage, b) All BSP Rules & Regulations, c) BSP Winter Visitor Rules & Procedures d) All general information for the Park
This is a lot of information, but if you don't read it you may not understand the special features of BSP and that can compromise your trip in the Park. Please take the time to read all information - it's worth it!
2. Print and completely fill out reservation forms (downloaded from the top of this webpage). Include as many options as possible.
3. Enclose appropriate payment (scroll down for fees).
4. If reserving by mail, enclose self-addressed, stamped, legal or business sized envelope.
5. At the appropriate time, mail or bring in person to Baxter State Park Headquarters (address on reservation form). The first working day in November is the first day for making Winter Reservations. Reservations must be recieved in our office at least 2 weeks in advance of your trip.
Contents
GENERAL INFORMATION FOR WINTER
First-time visitors are often stunned
by the wild remoteness and beauty of Baxter
State Park in winter. Percival P. Baxter,
governor of Maine from 1921 to 1925, sought
to protect Katahdin and the surrounding
land for the people of Maine for all time.
Beginning in 1930, Baxter purchased land
and donated it to the state with the provision
that it "forever be left in its natural
wild state, forever be kept as a sanctuary
for wild beasts and birds, and forever
be used for public forest, public park,
and public recreational purposes."
The park now encompasses 204,733 acres
and includes eighteen peaks over three
thousand feet high.
USING THE PARK
Day Use
Day users are encouraged to check in at Park Headquarters in Millinocket to find out the latest information on trails, access, weather, and avalanche conditions.
- Below Treeline: Individual day users should sign in and out at Park Headquarters or at the self-registration boxes located at Park entrances.
- Skiing and snowshoeing: You can find excellent ski touring and snowshoeing near the major trailheads, but it is very difficult to reach any of the summits in a single day.
- Snowmobiling: Snowmobiling is permitted only on the Park Tote Road, which is not groomed. There are no warming huts, fuel sources, or other facilities along the route. The speed limit is 20 mph. Please use caution as the Park Tote Road is a multiple use area and there may be skiers/snowshoers traveling throughout the Park.
- Above Treeline:
- Winter mountain hiking/climbing: Parties planning to winter mountain hike or climb (travel above treeline or off marked trails, including ice or snow climbing) in a single day are subject to the same registration process as winter campers. Please read the Park's Administrative Procedures for Winter for more information. Permission for winter mountain hiking or climbing can not be granted over the telephone. Very fit skiers traveling in ideal conditions may be able to ascend Katahdin via the Abol Trail in a single day, but this is generally impractical because day users expecting to travel above treeline are required to register with the Park two weeks prior to the date of their climb. There are few if any ice climbs that can conveniently be done on a day-use basis, although there are a few moderate ice climbs near the Park Tote Road, such as those on the southeast side of Doubletop Mountain. (However, these routes also require crossing Nesowadnehunk Stream.)
Overnight Use
All overnight users between December 1 and March 31 are required to have campsite reservations. Please be familiar with group size, travel guidelines, and registration deadlines before you send in your request for reservations (see BSP's Winter Administrative Procedures). Reservations are issued on a first-come, first-serve basis. As the Park issues only a limited number of reservations for each campsite, lean-to, or bunkhouse at a given time, you should apply well in advance. Bunkhouse reservations, especially those at Chimney Pond, need to be made as early as possible. (Lean-to and tent-site reservations at Chimney Pond are usually available for those willing to endure the elements 24 hours a day; however, it is important to remember that no open fires are allowed at Chimney Pond at any time of year, and only the bunkhouse has a woodstove.)
Weather Condition Classification:
The weather classification system provides a daily weather and safety evaluation and sets park access or restrictions for the public. The daily coding system is based on current weather and projected weather forecasts. All users of Baxter State Park are urged to call or stop at Park Headquarters in Millinocket, or the closest occupied Ranger Station, for weather forecast and classification information.
TRAVEL AND TERRAIN
Travel
The weather in Baxter State Park can
be severe and it can change drastically.
It is possible to have a sixty-degree
temperature shift and eighteen inches
of new snow within a twenty-four hour
period--or for rain to move in and shrink
the snow pack substantially. Such shifts
can dramatically affect travel. Trails
may rapidly become impassable due to heavy
snow or they may be flooded by high water.
Wind above treeline can make travel impossible.
The wind can also move large amounts of
snow quickly, loading it onto leeward
slopes to create dangerous avalanche conditions.
Simply put, winter travel will take longer
than summer travel. A basic rule of thumb
is to expect to travel approximately two
miles per hour in a small group, plus:
- 1 hour per thousand feet of elevation
gain,
- 1 hour per mile for carrying a heavy
pack, and
- 1 hour per mile for trail-breaking
in deep snow.
Terrain
To Chimney Pond: People usually approach Roaring Brook, the first stop en route to Chimney Pond, on skis. Begin where the Golden Road crosses Abol Bridge and follow a well-marked ski trail along Abol Stream to the Park Tote Road. The Tote Road is usually well packed due to the frequent snowmobile traffic.
At the Togue Pond Gatehouse, you begin an eight-mile haul to Roaring Brook Campground on the Roaring Brook Road. Do not expect the Roaring Brook Road to be packed, as no public snowmobile traffic is allowed. Skiing to Roaring Brook with camping gear takes a full day. Parties are required to spend a night at Roaring Brook before heading up to Chimney Pond. Most parties carry their gear on sleds at least to Roaring Brook.
The 3.3-mile trail to Chimney Pond climbs
1400 feet along moraine deposits and over
the Basin Ponds. Many people use ski skins
or snowshoes on this steeper section.
In the South Basin: Chimney Pond lies in the South Basin, which is framed by Pamola Peak, Chimney Peak, the Knife Edge, Baxter Peak, and Hamlin Peak. Those wishing to hike to the summit of Baxter Peak should carefully consider starting time, weather, fitness, and the competency of the group as a whole in making the decision. All hikers must have, and know how to use, an ice axe and crampons. As in the summer, the Saddle Trail is the most common approach, but it should be noted that this route is exposed to avalanche hazard from the steep slopes to the south and west as one approaches the Saddle. The traverse across the Knife Edge to Pamola Peak and descent of the Dudley Trail make a superb, full-day trip, but the decision to take this longer, exposed route should also be carefully considered. Some groups use a rope for the short but steep section at Chimney Notch.
Climbers will find the greatest concentration
of ice and snow climbs in New England
in the South Basin. The Pamola ice cliffs
offer several difficult ice climbs. Most
are Grade II, NEI 4+ or harder. Rappeling
the route is usually your best choice,
although traversing off to the left is
possible. Expect the ice to be hard and
brittle. Classic couloirs (gullies) offer
mountaineers several bottom-to-top routes
of varying difficulty and intensity. A
straightforward snow climb up the snow
slope behind Second Cathedral is one of
the easier ascents leading to the Cathedral
Trail. When the Chimney is free of avalanche
conditions, experienced climbers sometimes
use it as a fast approach to the Knife
Edge. Dougal's Delight and Pamola's Fury
are fine full-day intermediate routes;
the longer Cilley-Barber and Waterfall
Gully routes offer steeper ice and snow
climbing. All climbers doing long gully
climbs should start early and move quickly
to avoid being benighted, and should be
prepared for a night time descent, or
for an emergency bivouac if necessary.
Only expert backcountry skiers and snowboarders
should attempt the steeper snow gullies.
Other skiers and riders may find enjoyable
and challenging terrain on the lower slopes
of the South Basin.
In the Great Basin: The south
face of Hamlin Peak in the Great Basin,
adjacent to the South Basin, sports several
30- to 40-degree ski or snowboard descents.
The best approach to the top is via the
Hamlin Ridge Trail; from the bases of
the chutes, you can ski the drainage back
to the Chimney Pond Trail. Intermediate
skiers and riders can find appropriate
terrain by ascending the drainage. There
is sometimes a hazardous cornice above
this area.
In the North Basin: The more remote
North Basin is approached from Chimney
Pond via the North Basin trail to Blueberry
Knoll. Above, several rock and ice climbs
ascend the North Basin headwall. On the
left, the 1000-foot Taber Gully splits
the face and provides a moderate snow
climb or a steep ski descent. This narrow
gully begins at 40 degrees at the top
and then relents to 30-35 degrees for
the remainder. Several other gullies are
also attractive to skiers and climbers.
For skiers, the best approach to the top
gullies is via the Hamlin Ridge Trail.
As in all gullies, be alert for possible
avalanche hazards.
Katahdin, south side: The new
winter trailhead at Abol Bridge and the
increasing use of snowmobiles allow better
access to the south side of Katahdin.
Most parties prefer the Abol Trail because
it ascends directly to the summit. Trail
conditions vary greatly from deep snow
to ice. The trail, which is in the leeward
side of the mountain, follows a landslide
path. There is significant avalanche danger
on this trail.
Although Katahdin draws the majority
of winter users, other areas in the Park
are also attractive:
At Russell Pond: A trip to Russell
Pond is ideal for skiers and snowshoers
seeking even greater solitude and gentle
terrain. You can make a multi-day loop
by staying at Trout Brook or South Branch
the first night, then heading into Russell
Pond for an overnight or two, then heading
back out via the Pogy Notch Trail.
At Nesowadnehunk Field: This mid-park
location is an ideal spot from which to
hike the Brothers or Doubletop. Winter
visitors to this area usually access the
campground from the west, driving up the
Golden Road to the Telos Road, parking
cars at mile marker 35, and skiing the
5.2 miles into the Park. Hikes in this
area will offer solitude and a chance
to see a wide assortment of animal signs.
At South Branch Pond: This campground
makes a nice base to explore the north
end of Baxter State Park. There are several
nice mountain winter hikes from the campground,
including South Branch Mountain and the
Traveler, as well as valley skiing opportunities
and abundant wildlife. The road into the
campground from the Park Tote Road features
a dramatic downhill run with extensive
views south down through the valley toward
Katahdin. The cliffs overlooking Upper
South Branch Pond offer some ice climbing.
At Trout Brook Farm: The first campground encountered after the Park's northern entrance, Trout Brook Farm has a cozy 4-person bunkhouse as well as campsites in the field. It is in an ideal location for first-time winter campers to enjoy winter camping without being too far from the beaten path. Destinations from this campground include Matagamon Lake and a number of small peaks, including Trout Brook Mountain with its 360-degree views; campers also often camp at Trout Brook on their way to South Branch Pond if their plans call for a late arrival at the Park on the first day of their trip.
PARK FACILITIES
Bunkhouses are located at Chimney
Pond (capacity 10), Roaring
Brook (cap.10), Russell
Pond (cap.8), South
Branch Pond (cap.8), Trout
Brook Farm (cap.4), Togue Pond (cap.4), and
Nesowadnehunk
Field (cap.4). These buildings are equipped with woodstoves and stocked with firewood, but have no propane lights or mattresses. The use of stoves and gas lanterns is permitted inside bunkhouses and cabins during the winter. Candles must be totally enclosed in a candle lantern.
Cabins at Daicey
Pond (two with capacity 4 each) and Kidney
Pond (two with capacity 6 each) are outfitted with woodstoves, firewood, propane lights, and mattresses.
Winter camping is permitted, by reservation
only, in any designated picnic area that
has a fire pit and outhouse.
Critters
Wildlife remains very active during the
winter months. Along the trail you are
very likely to cross the tracks of deer,
moose, coyote, red fox, fisher, otter,
marten, mink, weasel, snowshoe hare, red
squirrel, mice, voles and shrews. Squirrels,
mice and the elusive pine marten look
for every opportunity for an easy meal
so put your food away carefully.
Group Size and
Composition
Solo overnight trips and solo above-treeline travel are not permitted. For safety reasons, the minimum size for an overnight winter group in Baxter is three people at the roadside campgrounds (four people if the party intends to go to Chimney Pond, Russell Pond or anywhere above-treeline in the Park); to protect resources and minimize impacts upon other visitors, the maximum group size allowed is ten people.
It is recommended that people who sign
up for winter activities in the park have
previously camped or climbed together,
as people who have not done so make a
weaker team. Each member should have good
equipment and solid winter camping and
traveling skills; each member should be
in good condition and have the mental
fortitude to deal with demanding arctic
conditions; and each member should be
familiar with the physical condition,
limitations, and the experience of other
team members.
Anyone seeking to climb peaks in Baxter State Park should have mountaineering skills and avalanche knowledge appropriate to the intended route. Some of the routes are highly technical and demand a high level of performance. Experience has shown that even these qualifications do not guarantee safety or success. Winter camping and mountaineering require skills which can only be gained through education, mentoring, and experience. These skills, combined with the application of good judgment through a conservative itinerary and a willingness to turn back, are at the heart of a successful journey into the backcountry. Remember -- "success" does not just mean reaching your objective, it also means coming back with your whole party in one piece!
Mountain Guides
Some groups hire mountain guides to help them achieve their goals; if you decide to do so, seek a properly qualified guide. A number of guide services currently offer winter trips in the Park.
Getting to
Baxter State Park
Baxter State Park is accessible from
Interstate 95. Those entering from the
south side, including those going to the
Togue Pond or Abol areas, should follow
public highway Route157 to Millinocket
Lake, where the plowed public road ends.
Take the adjacent private logging road,
called the Golden Road, to a parking area
located just before Abol Bridge, being
careful to avoid logging trucks. Back
behind the Abol Bridge Campground Store
and gravel pit, skiers and snowshoers
will find a marked trail to Abol Beach
and the Park Tote Road. Snowmobilers should
follow the abandoned public road back
to the junction with the Togue Pond Road.
Route 159, which leads from Patten to
the north entrance of the park, is plowed
as far as the Matagamon parking lot. The
lot is about one-quarter mile beyond the
bridge over the East Branch of the Penobscot
River.
All visitors are encouraged to stop at Baxter State Park Headquarters, off Route 157 in Millinocket (next to McDonald's). Winter hours are 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM, Monday through Friday, closed holidays..
LEAVE NO TRACE
Because so many people use Baxter State
Park, it is imperative that each person
have as little impact as possible. Please
become familiar with and practice the
following Leave No Trace practices.
- Plan Ahead and Prepare: Before
you go, familiarize yourself with the
area. Set up and keep to a schedule,
planning travel times so that you can
reach each destination on your itinerary;
you have a greater impact when you make
an unplanned camp especially in an unauthorized
site without facilities. Smaller groups
limit damage to the environment and
disturbance to wildlife and other users;
planning and camping are also easier.
To reduce uneaten food, pack meals that
people will enjoy, and plan for appropriate
amounts. For maximum solitude, plan
your journey at an off-peak time; school
holidays tend to be crowded.
- Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces:
Use existing trails when possible. Particularly
during thaws and above treeline, choose
the most durable surfaces available,
such as rock or frozen snow; avoid vegetation
and gravel. If you are traveling off
trail, use a map and compass; avoid
leaving cairns, flagging, or tree scars.
- Pack It In, Pack It Out (and
properly dispose of waste you can't
carry out): When you leave the park,
pack out everything--extra food (cooked
or uncooked), trash, all your gear (even
if something has broken). Do not cache
food.
Human waste: There are outhouses
in every campground; use them, even
if there's a blizzard going on -- human
feces and urine next to the trail or
cabin is unsightly, and dangerous because
it can infect drinking water supplies.
Along the trail, carry a poop bucket
with a few shavings that can be emptied
at the next outhouse. Don't leave toilet
paper along the trail -- carry it to
the next outhouse or to the trailhead.
Wash water: If you must use soap,
use a biodegradable soap in small amounts.
Wash at least 200 feet from your water
source and from camp. As you cook, collect
food scraps in a plastic bag; when you
have finished washing dishes and pots,
strain the wash water through a bandanna
or piece of netting and put remaining
debris with the other food scraps.
- Leave What You Find Undisturbed:
Take pictures of interesting plants
or rocks, leaving them in place. Climbers
should use nuts or cams where possible,
rather than placing pitons for rock
protection.
- Minimize Use of Campfires:
Backpacking stoves are recommended for
cooking, as they provide a quick, clean,
lightweight source of heat. The heat
from a woodstove is generally not adequate
for cooking meals. Fires may provide
a psychological boost but are more difficult
to cook over and require more effort
to maintain and clean up. Cabins and
bunkhouses are equipped with woodstoves
(with firewood supplied by the Park).
Be conservative with firewood use, as
the firewood supply must last all winter.
All campsites (other than those at Chimney
Pond, where open fires are not allowed)
have existing fire rings. Open fires
are allowed only in existing fire rings.
If you choose to build a fire, clean
up and pack out all non-burnable debris
such as aluminum foil. Unless you are
using firewood supplied by the Park,
collect only dead and down wood.
- Respect Wildlife: Observe wildlife
from a distance so you do not disturb
animals or force them to flee. To prevent
disturbance to wild animals, pets are
not allowed in the Park.
- Respect Others: Select equipment
and clothing in subdued colors. When
sharing a bunkhouse with another party,
keep gear organized and out of the way.
Travel and camp quietly.
WINTER HAZARDS
Avoiding Cold
Injuries
Winters in northern Maine present long
periods of sub-zero temperature and periodic
heavy snowfalls. Strong winds can also
add significantly to the challenge, particularly
above treeline. Fatigue and dehydration
are often precursors to accidents and
exacerbate all forms of injury. In this
setting, seemingly insignificant problems
may quickly grow into full-blown emergencies.
By dealing with low-level problems and
constantly anticipating potential difficulties,
you can prevent many cold-related medical
emergencies. Each member of the group
should carry adequate food, water, and
clothing, and should be prepared to manage
an emergency.
Hypothermia: Hypothermia, which
is often called "exposure,"
occurs when the cold overwhelms the body's
ability to produce and maintain heat.
Hypothermia causes a progressive deterioration
of body functions and may lead to death.
The cold challenge may consist of extreme
cold, high winds, or cold water--or, more
commonly, a combination of all three.
Secondary hypothermia may develop following
an injury that renders the individual
unable to move enough to generate heat.
To prevent hypothermia, maintain heat
production through adequate food, fluids,
and activity. You must feed your body's
furnace if you want it to keep burning.
Equally important, you must preserve heat
by wearing clothing that both insulates
and shields the body from the outside
forces of cold, wind, and water.
Shivering, an early warning of cold stress,
is a compensatory response to help maintain
body temperature. You should recognize
and act upon it immediately to curtail
subsequent problems.
Mild hypothermia is indicated by violent
shivering, a core temperature between
90 and 95 degrees F., impaired fine motor
function, and (sometimes) confusion and
the inability to care for oneself. Treatment
should be aggressive and focus on improving
heat production and decreasing the cold
challenge. Give a mildly hypothermic person
warm liquids, if possible, and high-energy,
easy-to-digest foods such as a candy bar.
(Contrary to popular opinion, alcohol
will not "warm you" and actually
hastens the cooling process through vasodilation.)
If possible, replace wet clothing with
dry, warm, windproof clothing. Urge the
hypothermic person to exercise--jog in
place, jump up and down, run in a circle--to
increase the production of body heat.
You can increase heat externally by giving
the person a water bottle of warm water
to place near the trunk.
With severe hypothermia, people stop
shivering, as the body has used up its
energy. They are not alert and may not
even be awake; they may respond to your
voice, or they may be completely unresponsive.
The core body temperature drops lower
than 90 degrees F. Rapid cooling is likely
if no intervention occurs.
Unlike mild hypothermia, the most important
treatment plan for severe hypothermia
is gentle horizontal handling. Keep the
patient flat and place him or her in dry
clothing and a sleeping bag as gently
as possible. A vapor barrier such as a
bivouac sack is very useful in most circumstances;
it is critical if conditions mandate the
retention of any wet or frozen clothing.
You may apply warm bottles or heat packs
to the core of the body to minimize further
cooling. Then, initiate a plan for a gentle
evacuation. With an evacuation of less
than 24 hours, further rewarming should
be done in a clinical setting, where medical
personnel can deal with possibly life-threatening
changes in body chemistry.
Frostbite: Frostbite is the localized
freezing of tissue. Ice crystals form
within and between the cells and grow
by extracting water from the cells. Physical
damage is often permanent, and long-term
treatment for severe frostbite may require
amputation and extended hospitalization.
Although extreme cold exposure alone can
cause frostbite, the injury more typically
results from decreased circulation due
to cold-induced vasoconstriction, restrictive
clothing, and/or dehydration in combination
with severe cold and wind. The areas most
often affected are the hands, feet, and
face. In the field, frostbite may be identified
as superficial (frostnip) or deep.
Superficial frostbite is characterized
by a sensation of numbness and sometimes
pain. The skin is blanched and soft to
touch. Immediate recognition and rewarming
will prevent further freezing. Treatment
focuses on sheltering the exposed tissue
in an armpit or a partner's belly, adding
or changing protective layers, or warming
through added external heat or increasing
heat production through physical activity
such as skiing or wind-milling the affected
extremity.
In deep frostbite, the skin is white
and hard to the touch. The exact severity
of damage cannot be known until rewarming
has occurred. The preferred treatment
for deep frostbite is rapid rewarming
in a warm water bath, but this treatment
should be attempted only when:
- further freezing of tissue can be
prevented; greater tissue damage occurs
when frostbitten tissues are thawed
and then refrozen;
- water temperature can be maintained
at 100 to 105 degrees F. until the frozen
tissues are soft and pliable (this may
take up to an hour); and
- the rewarmed area can be adequately
protected and will not be traumatized
(for example, by walking out on it).
If you cannot meet all three conditions,
do not purposefully rewarm; instead, evacuate
immediately. The frostbitten area may,
however, spontaneously rewarm due to physical
activity, a night in the sleeping bag,
or changed environmental conditions.
Once thawed, the area should be protected
and treatment directed toward preventing
infection. Small amounts of dry, thin,
clean cotton may be placed between fingers
or toes to avoid maceration; this dressing
should not cause further constriction
inside of a mitten. Preventing infection
is extremely important. Immerse the damaged
area every six to eight hours in warm
water to which an antibacterial agent
such as iodine has been added.
After rewarming, the extent of injury
can be determined. In superficial frostbite,
the skin is normal to reddish in color
and slightly painful. In deep frostbite,
hope for the appearance of clear, fluid-filled
blisters indicating that the underlying
tissue is still alive and likely to recover.
Blood-filled blisters signify underlying
dead tissue. The most severe frostbite
injuries retain a deep purple color and
are not followed by any blisters.
Carbon Monoxide
Poisoning
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a surprisingly
common threat in small winter shelters.
Two researchers on Denali, for example,
documented toxic levels of CO near the
stove in tents, snow caves, and igloos.
It is important, therefore, to cook only
in properly ventilated areas, even when
in a building. In a tent, ventilation
is a function of the wind and the size
of the vent opening; it is usually best
to cook in the vestibule. In a snow shelter,
the two- to three-inch diameter vent should
be located directly above the stove; to
save heat, you can close the vent when
you are not cooking.
Another factor in producing CO is the
damping effect on the flame of having
the pot too close to the flame and from
condensation on the pot. Keeping the pot
warm and adding snow slowly to warm water
thus produces much less CO than filling
a pot with snow. Those cooking in shelters
should try to minimize condensation on
the pot.
The symptoms of CO poisoning are grogginess,
confusion, and loss of consciousness.
These symptoms can be masked by--or misdiagnosed
as--fatigue or hypothermia. To treat,
immediately remove the victim from the
confined area and instruct him or her
to hyperventilate in fresh air; mouth
to mouth breathing may be required for
comatose victims.
Water Purification
Because Giardia cysts persist in cold
stream or pond water, it is necessary
to treat all drinking water. Boiling is
the most effective treatment; it will
kill all bacteria, viruses, and protozoans
(including Giardia). Iodine is an acceptable
treatment, although the water should be
warmed to sixty degrees to increase effectiveness;
however, iodine does not kill Cryptosporidium,
a protozoan. If you use a water filter
or purifier, be careful to protect it
from freezing.
SEARCH AND RESCUE
Lost control: Winter
hiker slides several hundred feet on
snow on Abol Trail; hits rocks and trees,
resulting in serious head injury.
Avalanche: Climber triggers avalanche
at base of Chimney, breaks leg.
Avalanche: Mountaineering party
triggers avalanche at base of the Cathedral
Trail; three injured, two killed.
Whiteout: Hiking party lost on
plateau, spends night out.
Stranded: Six accomplished mountaineers
bivouac above treeline on Pamola in
storm; five extricate themselves, one
dies.
Snowmobile collision: Head trauma,
one person killed.
You enter the winter backcountry of Baxter
State Park at your own risk, and it is
your responsibility to minimize hazards
by using good judgment gained from experience
and education. Be prepared for self-rescue,
and draw on the skills of your group (and
possibly the skills of another party nearby)
when confronted with an emergency situation.
Only when all other options have been
tried should you request additional assistance.
Do not count on the Park to save you if
you get into an emergency situation. Park
staff may be hampered by the very elements
(such as bad weather) that caused your
emergency. Staff must evaluate the situation,
determine the level and urgency of the
response, and initiate a rescue when it
is within the technical ability of available
personnel. Do not expect a helicopter
rescue; this type of rescue, which is
both risky and expensive, will be used
only when medical or technical demands
warrant it.
It is unwise to rely on cellular phones
or radios in an emergency in Baxter State
Park. Due to the remoteness of the area,
it is frequently impossible to make contact.
(Non-emergency use of radios or cellular
phones is prohibited within the Park.)
AVALANCHES
Avalanches are common in Baxter State
Park. Many that cause serious injury or
death are triggered by the very people
that they trap. The Chimney, Saddle Trail,
Cathedral Trail, and the Cilley-Barber
route are regular sites of avalanches.
Parties that want to travel on or near
steep slopes must be able to evaluate
snow stability and avalanche hazard, and
be able to initiate a search if an avalanche
does occur. Avalanche knowledge, good
judgment, and a careful approach to route-finding
are the key elements in avoiding avalanches;
stay away from situations that you can't
handle confidently and competently. Although
some avalanche victims describe themselves
as experienced mountaineers whose only
mistake was bad timing, lack of assessment
and poor judgment are more often the cause.
Baxter State Park rangers can often provide
information on current weather, recent
snowfall, and reported avalanche activity.
Each team member should carry (and be
thoroughly trained in the use of) an avalanche
transceiver, shovel, and probe poles.
Carrying this equipment does not protect
you from an avalanche. These tools simply
help deal with a bad situation after the
fact.
All winter users should learn about snow
safety through field courses; it is also
important to choose your partners carefully.
By taking precautions you will reduce
the risk of accidents that are often the
result of missed or ignored clues.
Avalanche Red Flags
- Slope of 25 to 45 degrees (otherwise
recognizable as the best ski/snowboard
terrain)
- Evidence of other avalanches (debris
piles, broken trees, obvious slide paths)
- Snow accumulation of greater than
1 inch (2.5 centimeters) per hour
- Snowfall consisting of heavily rimed
snow crystals
- Steady winds that transport snow onto
leeward slopes
- Rapid temperature changes
- Snowpack temperatures around 32 degrees
F and warming
- Temperature gradient greater than
1 degree F per 4 inches (10 centimeters)
- Rain that adds weight to and weakens the snowpack
- Buried layers of crust
- Persistent cold temperatures that
delay snow bonding and strengthening
- Gullies that have huge accumulation
zones (e.g., the Chimney, Waterfall
Gully, gullies under Cathedral Trail)
- Cornice formation at tops of gullies
(often visible from below -- check before
ascending)
EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING
Please note: Baxter State Park requires certain equipment to be carried by all campers and day users who will be winter mountain hiking and climbing. For a list of required equipment, please read BSP's Winter Administrative Procedures.
Footwear: Temperatures often exceed twenty below zero for extended periods of time, so whether you are skiing, snowshoeing, or climbing, take footwear that is designed for expedition use and that offers the warmest possible rating. Backcountry travelers should use military vapor barrier ("mouse") boots or waterproof boots with removable insulating inner boots. Skiers and climbers should wear high-quality double plastic boots. Insulated single leather boots may be adequate on warm day trips, but should be avoided for extended trips. Boots should be fitted with sock layers and broken in prior to journeying in the park. Using an inner vapor barrier sock and outer gaiter or supergaiter will help keep the boot's insulation dry and provide additional insulation. At night, dry your feet and place boot liners in your sleeping bag to dry and prevent freezing.
Clothing: Clothing must be adequate
for the most severe conditions; follow
the general principles of layering to
accommodate what may be widely fluctuating
temperatures. A moisture transport and
insulating layer should be worn next to
the skin. Insulating layers of synthetic
fleece or wool should follow. An outer
layer offering head-to-toe protection
against wind and rain completes the system.
This layer should be breathable to allow
sweat to evaporate. A large expedition-weight
down or synthetic parka with a good hood
is essential for evenings in camp and
helpful for chilly belay ledges, and insulated
booties will make camp life more pleasant.
As a great deal of heat can be lost through
the head and neck, wool or synthetic balaclavas
or a hat and neck warmer are recommended.
Hats should fit under climbing helmets.
Face and eye protection against sunlight,
wind, and snow is essential for above
treeline travel; goggles are recommended.
Mittens are warmer than gloves; windproof
and waterproof shells provide added protection.
Spare pairs are always useful as are some
wool gloves for using around the stove.
Cotton clothing is not recommended as
it loses its insulating capacity when
wet and takes a long time to dry out.
Sleeping Gear: A good sleep hinges
upon being warm and dry. For those staying
in tents, lean-tos, or snow shelters,
an expedition-quality sleeping bag is
essential. Down or synthetic fiber filled
bags should be rated to at least -20 degrees
F. Allow extra room in the sleeping bag
for clothing, inner boots, and a water
bottle.
For those staying in a bunkhouse, a sleeping
bag rated from 0 to 10 degrees F should
suffice.
In either situation, you can prevent
significant heat loss by using closed
cell foam pads. A combination of a closed
cell foam pad with a separate inflatable
foam pad is comfortable and commonly used.
Food: Food is your source of heat.
Your diet should include carbohydrates,
which provide quick energy; fats, which
provide more than twice the number of
calories per ounce or gram than carbohydrates
or proteins; and protein, which is used
to rebuild muscles. Dry foods such as
pasta, rice, powdered potatoes, nuts,
dried fruit, and cheese are popular choices.
Prepackaged freeze-dried meals are very
light in weight. Minimize liquids and
canned goods, which can freeze, but bring
plenty of drink mix and instant soup mixes
to encourage rehydration after you return
to camp. GORP--Good Ole Raisins and Peanuts--is
a high-energy trail food that requires
no cooking. (However, GORP made with ingredients
such as granola can be difficult to handle
on trail and often winds up on the ground,
feeding not you but the wildlife.)
Snowshoes or Skis: Each person
needs a pair of snowshoes or skis plus
tools and repair materials. Snowshoes
should be sturdy with cleats or crampons
for steeper sections and side-hill traversing.
Skiing in backcountry conditions is easier
for the experienced; it is wise to practice
skiing with a heavy pack and sled before
arriving at the park. A telemark or alpine
touring set-up works well for those seeking
a pure ski experience. Climbing skins
and extendable trekking poles will be
very useful. An extra pole in each party
often comes in handy.
Sleds and Haul Sacks: Many people
prefer to carry some of their gear in
a sled or drag bag. Providing that your
harness system works properly, you can
easily haul a load of 30 to 40 pounds
(13 to 18 kilograms). Lightweight plastic
sleds such as those found in department
stores are adequate and may be equipped
with a simple rope as a haul line; rigid
traces made of PVC pipe or aluminum conduit
offer more control when going down hills.
Stoves: The party should carry
at least two stoves of proven efficiency
that work in extreme cold, along with
spare parts. If you are using large pots
for a group, use a stove with a very stable
base to prevent accidental spills and
burns. Before leaving home, take your
stove apart and put it back together.
(For added fun and challenge, put your
mittens on and stand in a cold shower
and try it!) White gas is recommended
because disposable gas cartridges are:
less environmentally friendly, sometimes
difficult to obtain near the Park, and
may not be pressurized enough for the
extreme cold. Plan on 8 ounces (.30 liters)
of white gas per person per day if you
are staying outside. All fuel containers
must be packed out.
Snow Shovels: A sturdy shovel
is extremely useful to clear out lean-tos,
remove snow from around tents, pile and
hollow out snow shelters, maintain the
trail to the outhouse, and sculpt snow
kitchens. Those traveling in avalanche
terrain should carry several shovels per
party.
Tents: Tents should be of four-season
quality and capable of withstanding wind
and heavy snow. A three-person dome tent
with a rainfly provides room for two people
plus gear and allows extra room for passing
time if snowbound. A vestibule adds a
welcome measure of convenience and comfort,
and offers the safest place to cook. The
tent should have cords on each guy point
(and the tent should have lots of guy
points); for maximum stability, stake
out each point with snow stakes or "deadmen"(which
can be improvised -- for example, by filling
stuffsacks with snow). An extra pole section
or pole splint and repair materials are
important. In case of tent failure, be
prepared with a strategy to build a snow
shelter.
Ice Axes, Crampons, and Trekking Poles:
If you plan to attempt the summit, each person in your party must have an ice axe and crampons. An ice axe that is 70 cm or taller is practical for non-technical climbs such as the Saddle, Abol, or Cathedral Trails. Consider using duct tape and closed cell foam to modify the grip area on the head of the ice axe to reduce cold conduction. It is critical to know how to use an ice axe to climb, descend, anchor, and self-arrest. Crampons should be adjusted to the boot and gaiter prior to leaving home. If you are on an extended trip, take spare parts. A trekking pole is not a substitute for an axe, but is extremely useful for ascending snow-covered trails; it also takes some pressure off the knees upon descent.
Eye Protection: Eye protection
is essential above treeline. Each person
should have goggles that will provide
full protection against sunlight and blowing
snow. Glacier glasses may also be carried,
but do not afford complete protection.
Each party should carry an extra pair
of goggles.
Medical Kits: All members of the
party should be familiar with the contents
of the medical kit. However, a first aid
kit is only a supplement to knowledge
and skill. Those planning to visit the
Park in the winter would be wise to participate
in at least basic wilderness first aid
training.
Repair Kits: A basic repair kit
should contain a pair of pliers, a small
screwdriver, a knife, 50 feet of parachute
cord, some duct tape, a spare ski tip,
patch material, and a few bolts and nuts,
as well as extra stove and crampon parts.
Ski parties should carry spare binding
parts suitable to the particular equipment
used.
Avalanche Transceiver (Beacon:)
All individuals venturing into possible
avalanche terrain should wear avalanche
beacons. The standard world-wide frequency
is 457 kHz. People with older 2275 kHz
beacons should make sure that someone
in their party has a dual frequency beacon
that can pick up their signal. A beacon
must be worn close to the chest and turned
on. A beacon is useless if it is in your
pack or if party members are not familiar
with search strategies. A beacon is no
substitute for avalanche knowledge and
cannot prevent a disaster.
Please note: Baxter State Park requires certain equipment to be carried by all campers and day users who will be winter mountain hiking and climbing. For a list of required equipment, please read BSP's Winter Administrative Procedures.
Recommended
winter checklist for day trips below timberline
in forests and on trails:
_ Heavy-duty day pack
_ Pack boots with wool liners such as
mouse boots, climbing or touring double
boots appropriate to mode of travel
_ Gaiters (high reaching)
_ Snowshoes or heavy duty touring skis
_ Insulating mittens
_ Insulating gloves
_ Mitten shells
_ Thin wicking sock liners
_ Insulating socks
_ Insulating balaclava that covers entire
head
_ Wicking innerwear top and bottom
_ Insulating jacket or sweater
_ Insulating pants
_ Light wind/rain shell
_ Wide-mouthed vacuum bottle or insulated
water bottle
_ Extra food
_ Sunscreen and lip balm
_ Trekking poles
_ Snow goggles
_ Personal first aid kit
_ Headlamp
_ Fire-starting material, including
waterproof matches (butane lighters
can fail in extreme cold)
_ Axe
_ Map and compass
__Shovel
__Avalanche transceiver and probe pole
if entering avalanche terrain
Recommended
winter checklist for camping trips
_ Large, sturdy internal or external
frame pack
_ -20 degree F sleeping bag
_ Insulating full-length ground pad
made of cold-resistant material; second
half pad adds a great deal of comfort
_ Pack boots with wool liners, such
as mouse boots, or climbing or touring
double boot appropriate to mode of travel
_ High gaiters or supergaiters
_ Snowshoes or heavy duty touring skis
_ Insulating mittens and gloves
_ Mitten shells
_ Thin wicking sock liners
_ Vapor barrier sock
_ 2 or 3 pairs insulating socks
_ Balaclava that covers entire head
(with spare)
_ Heavyweight insulated jacket or sweater
_ Midweight insulated jacket or sweater
_ Sunglasses with side protection
_ Snow goggles
_ Wicking innerwear top and bottom
_ Insulating pants with side zips
_ Light wind shell shirt
_ Waterproof/breathable jacket and pants
with side zips
_ Unbreakable bowl, insulated cup &
spoon
_ Water bottle and thermos that are
insulated and wide mouthed
_ Headlamp with fresh batteries
_ Sunscreen and lip balm
_ Food for an extra day or more
_ Trekking poles
_ Personal first aid kit
_ Fire-starting material, including
waterproof matches (butane lighters
can fail in extreme cold)
_ Axe
_ Map and compass
_ Winter expedition tent per 2 -3 people
_ Haul sled or drag bag
_ Large contractor grade plastic bags
Mountaineers and peak baggers should
also consider:
_ Avalanche transceiver and probe pole
_ Heavy duty snow/avalanche shovel
_ Probe Poles
_ Snow study kit
_ Ice axe
_ Crampons
_ Helmet
_ Bivouac sack
_ Rope
_ Expedition weight down or synthetic
jacket
_ Extra mittens and hat
Technical climbers should also consider:
_ Harness
_ Two ice tools and a third tool
_ A dry rope and second retreat rope
_ Anchors and protection appropriate
to intended routes
SELECTED READING
AMC Maine Mountain Guide. 8th ed. Boston: Appalachian Mountain Club, 2004.
Brady, Michael. Cross Country Ski Gear.
Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1987.
Cinnamon, Jerry. Climbing Rock and
Ice: Learning the Vertical Dance.
Camden, ME: Ragged Mountain Press. 1994.
DeLorme Maine Atlas and Gazetteer. 2004.
Daffern, Tony. Avalanche Safety for
Skiers and Climbers. 2nd ed. Calgary:
Rocky Mountain Books, 1992.
Gillette, Ned, and John Dostal. Cross
Country Skiing. Seattle: The Mountaineers,
1983.
Goodman, David. Backcountry Skiing
Adventures. Boston: Appalachian Mountain
Club, 1999.
Gorman, Stephen. AMC Guide to Winter
Camping. Boston: Appalachian Mountain
Club, 1991.
Graydon, Don, and Kurt Hanson, eds. Mountaineering:
The Freedom of the Hills. 6th ed.
Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1997.
Hampton, Bruce, and Dave Cole. Soft
Paths. 2nd ed. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole
Books, 1995.
Isaac, Jeff, and Peter Goth. The Outward
Bound Wilderness First Aid Handbook.
New York: The Lyons Press, 1998.
McGivney, Annette. Leave No Trace.
Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1998.
Prater, Gene. Snowshoeing. Seattle:
The Mountaineers, 1980.
Scee, Trudy Irene. In the Deeds We
Trust. Millinocket, ME: Baxter State
Park, 1999.
Stokes, Donald. A Guide to Nature in
Winter. Boston: Little, Brown, 1976.
Wilcox, Rick. An Ice Climber's Guide
to Northern New England. 3rd ed. North Conway, NH: International Mountain Equipment, 2002.
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